Computer History
Yes, if you have talked about history for a long time, it's like a mathematical formula, the computer is not found suddenly but through the process of perfection at any time. ok just go ahead.
The embryo of the computer is the calculator tool. And the oldest calculating tool is the abacus or siphoa known since 460 sm. Broadly speaking the calculating tool in differentiate into digital and analog devices. The digital direct counters show the numbers as a result. One example of a digital counting device is the abacus. Abacus shows the results of direct calculations through the position of the rings on the wire. Other examples of calculators are the more modern clock calculators and clocks.
Computer development began in the 20th century. Computer development in this century we can group into the following generations:
- First generation computers (1940-1956) vacum tubes
- Second generation computers (1956-1963)
- Third generation computers (1964-1971)
- Fourth generation computers (1971-present)
- The fifth generation computer (now-upcoming)
- The sixth generation computer of the future (future
1. COMPUTER PRE-GENERATION
Traditional Counting Instruments and Mechanical Calculators
Abacus, which appears in Asia around 460 sm and is still in use in some places to date, can be considered as the beginning of computing machines.
then in the 17th century a new computing machine emerged. In 1642 blaise pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, discovered what he called a numerical wheel calculator to help his father perform tax calculations. This brass box, named pasclaine, uses eight jagged wheels to add an eight-digit hing number.
In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, gottfred wlhem von leibniz (1646-1716) repaired pasclaine by making a machine capable of multiplication. This mechanical device worked with gears. By studying the notes and drawings made by pascal , leibniz perfect the tool he made.
in 1820, mechanical calculators began to become popular. The chaples of xavier thomas de colmar invented a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions, the colmar mechanical calculatos, dubbed this arithometer, presented a more precise approach to calculation.
BEGINNING OF COMPUERS was actually designed by the English mathematics professor, charles babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed the natural suitability between mechanical and mathematical machines. He thinks mechanical machines are excellent for doing the same task repeatedly without error. Babbage's first attempt to realize his opinion in 1822. at that time he proposed a machine to perform the calculation of differential equations. The machine is called a differential machine. By using steam power, the machine can store the program and can perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working with a differential machine for ten years, Babbage suddenly gets inspired to begin making the first general-purpose kumputer, called analytical engine. Babbage augusta king's (1815-1842) has an important role in making this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the UK government, and communicate the specifications of the analytic engine to the public. Although the babbage steam engine is never done, it describes the basic elements of a modern computer and also reveals an important concept, it contains about 50,000 components with the basic design of an analytical engine that uses perforated (hollow) cards that contains operating instructions for the machine
In 1889, herman hollerith (1860-1929) also applied the principle of perforation cards to perform calculations.
In 1903 john v.atanasoff and clifford berry tried to make an electric computer that applied boolean algebra to electrical circuits. Perlasoff and berries made the first electric computer in 1940. but their project was stalled due to loss of funding sources.
2. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER
(1940-1956) -Vaccum Tubes
With the onset of the second world war, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit the strategic potentials of computers. This increased funding for developing computers and speeding up computer engineering. In 1941, konrad zuse, a German engineer built a composer Z3, to design aircraft and missiles.
Allied parties also made other advances in computer development. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called clossus to break the secret code used in Germany. The impact of making the colossus did not really affect the development of industrial kompuer due to du reason. First, colossus is not a guan computer (general-purpose computer), but only designed to decode secret.
Second, the existence of this machine kept its secrecy until a decade after the war ended. The work done by the Americans at that time resulted in another advancement.howard h.aiken (1900-1973), a havard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing an electronics calculator for the usavy, the length of the calculator was half football field and had a range cable 500 miles long. The development of other computers at that time was an electronic numeric integrator and computer (ENIAC) made up of cooperation between the united states and the university of pennslyvania. The computer consisted of 1800. The vacuum tube, 70,000 resistors, and the 5m point of the computer solder were a very large machine which requires power of 160 kw. This computer is designed by jhon presper eckert (1919-1995) and jhon w. Mauchly (1907-1980). ENIAC was a general purpose computer in the mid-1940s, jhon van neumann (1903-1957) joined the Univerity of Pennsylivania team in an attempt to build a computer design concept that for the next 40 years is still used in computer engineering. In 1945, von neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) with a memory used to hold programs or data. This technique allowed the computer to stop at a time and then resume its work again. The main key to the von neumann architecture lies in the processing unit centra (CPU-central processing unit)
The characteristics of first generation computers:
- the use of a vacuum tube (which makes the computers of that era very large, hot, and requires a large amount of electricity).
- The existence of magnetic slinder for data storage with small storage capacity.
- Operation instructions are made specifically for a specific task.
- Each computer has a different binary code program called "machine language" (machine language). This makes the computer difficult to program and limited in speed.
3. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
(1956-1963) - TRANSISTOR
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of the computer. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube on television, radio, and computer. The result was that the size of the electronic machines became much smaller. The transistor began to be used inside the computer in 1956.
Another invention is the development of magnetic-core memory that helps the development of smaller, faster, more controllable, and more energy-efficient second-generation computers compared to its predecessors. The first machine to utilize this new technology was the supercomputer.IBM created a supercomputer called strech, and sperry-rand make computers called LARC. These computers are developed for atomic energy labs and can handle large amounts of data. These machines are very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thus limiting their popularity.
In the early 1960s, began to emerge the second generation of successful computers in the field of business, in UNIVERSITAS, and in pemerintah.komputer second generation is a computer that uses more transistor.mereka also has components that can be associated with computers at this time , such as printers, diskettes, memory, operating systems and programs. one outstanding example is the IBM 1401 that was widely accepted by industry. In 1965, almost all major businesses used second generation computers to process financial information. With this concept, computers can print consumer purchase invoices and then run product designs or calculate payrolls. Several languages began to emerge at that time. The programming languages COMMON BUSINESS-ORIENTED LANGUAGE (COBOL) AND FORMULA TRANSLATOR (FORTAN) are becoming more common.
The characteristics of second generation computers:
- The use of transistors so that the size is smaller.
- The development of magnetic-core memory that helps the development of computers
the second generation is smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy efficient than its predecessors.
- Change from machine language to assembly language.
- Appears COBOL and FORTAN programming languages.
4. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
(1964-1971) - Integrated Circuit
Although transistors in many cases outperformed the vacuum tube, the trsansistor also generated considerable heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz rock removes this problem. Jack kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed an integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958.IC combines three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand.
The scientists then succeeded in inserting more components into a single CHIP called a semiconductor. The result is that the compuer becomes smaller because the components can be compacted into CHIP. Another third-generation computer advancement is the use of an operating system that allows machines to run different programs simultaneously with a major program that monitors and coordinates computer memory.
Third-generation computer traits:
- Using IC (Integrated Circuit)
- The size of the computer becomes smaller.
- Operating system usage.
5. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1971-present) - MICROPROCESSORS
After IC, the purpose of development becomes more obvious is to shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large scale Integration (LSI) can create hundreds of components in a CHIP. in the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contained thousands of components in a single CHIP. Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increases the number of components into millions that integrate into one CHIP. The ability to install so many components in a chip half the size of a coin counts down the price and size of the computer. It also enhances the workability, efficiency and reliability of the computer. The solidly built Intel 4004 chip of 1971 brought the IC forward by placing all components of a computer (central processing unit, memory and input / output control) in a very small CHIP. before the IC was made to do a specific task. But now, a microprocessor can be produced and then programmed to meet all the desired needs. Not long after, every home appliance like MICROWAVE OVEN, TELEVISION, and CAR with electrocic fuel injection equipped with microprocessor.
In 1981, IBM introduced personal computers for home, office and school use. The number of pc used jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million pc was used. The computer continues its evolution to be smaller, from a computer on a desk (computer desktop) to a computer that can be inserted into a laptop, or even a handheld computer (palmtop).
IBM PCs compete with Apple Macintosh in the computer market. Aplle Macintosh is famous for popularizing the graphics system on its computer, while its rival still uses text-based computers. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices. In the future, other companies such as compaq make PC compatible with IBM. Then comes the term IBM PC COMPATIBLE which means the PC made by IBM. IBM pc uses compatible using intel-made microprocessors. The first generation PCs use Intel 8086/80808 processor. Then came the newer microprocessor Intel 80286, followed by intel 80386,80486, pentium, pentium2, pentium3, and pentium4 Until now there are Intel core generation, like core 2, core 2 duo, and lately intel core i3, i5 and i7 . Also we know the intel competitors are AMD that issued a microprocessor for pc, its products include AMD K6, Athlon, and others.
Along with the proliferation of the use of computers in the workplace, new ways to explore information continues to be developed. As computers grow smaller, they can be connected simultaneously in a network to share memory, software, and information, can communicate with each other. By using direct cabling (called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, this network can grow to be very large.
The characteristics of fourth generation computers:
- Use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI.
- Use of microprocessors.
6. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
(now-upcoming) -Artifical intelligence.
Defining a fifth generation computer becomes quite difficult because of its very young age. An imaginative example of a fifth generation computer is the HAL9000 fictional computer from Arthur C.Clarke's novel entitled 2001: SPACE ODYSSEY. HAL displays all the desired functionality of a fifth generation computer. With artificial intelligence, HAL can have enough reason to have conversations with humans like in iron man movies, using visuals, and learning their own experiences.
Although the realization of HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of its functional functions have already materialized. Some computers can receive instruction verbally and are capable of imitating human reason. The ability to translate foreign languages is also possible. This facility looks simple. But the facility becomes more complicated from the alleged when the progammer realizes that human understanding is very dependent on the context of understanding rather than simply translating words directly.Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly enable the creation of fifth-generation computers. Two of the major engineering advances are parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the von neumann model. The von neumann model will be replaced by a system capable of coordinating multiple CPUs to work simultaneously. is a superconducting technology that allows the flow of electric current without any obstacles, which in turn can increase the speed of information delivery. Japan is a famous country in socializing jorgon and fifth generation computer project. The ICOT Institute (Instiute For New Computer Technology) was also formed to realize. A lot of news stating that this project has failed
Characteristics of the fifth generation computer features:
- The existence of artificial intelligence
- Coordinate CPU simultaneously.
- The presence of superconducting technology.
7. SIXTH GENERATION COMPUTER
(future) - future
With today's computer technology, it's hard to imagine how the computer of the future. With today's technology alone we seem to have been able to "grasp the world". From the technological side some computer scientists believe that one day created what is called BIOCHIP made from protein synthesis materials. Robots made with the material in the future will become artificial humans yes maybe like in the movie BIG HERO 6. In principle, the characteristics of future computers is more sophisticated and cheaper and has the ability to watch, hear, speak, and think and be able to make the conclusion of human beings. This means computers have artificial intelligence that approaches human capabilities and behavior.
